Clinical Knowledge

What are the 5 moments of hand hygiene according to WHO guidelines?

• ABefore patient contact, before aseptic procedure, after blood/body fluid exposure, after patient contact, after touching patient surroundings✓
• BAt start of shift, mid-shift, end of shift, before meals, after toileting
• COnly after handling specimens
• DOnly before surgical procedures

Answer: WHO's 5 moments are: 1) Before patient contact, 2) Before aseptic procedures, 3) After exposure to body fluid, 4) After patient contact, 5) After touching patient surroundings. These moments are critical infection control.

What does PPE stand for and what does it include?

• APersonal Protective Equipment - gloves, aprons, masks, eye protection✓
• BPatient Protection Equipment
• CProcedural Preventive Equipment
• DPersonal Patient Education

Answer: PPE = Personal Protective Equipment. Proper use protects both staff and patients from infection and injury transmission.

What is the correct order for removing contaminated PPE (doffing)?

• AGloves, apron, mask, eye protection
• BMask, gloves, apron, eye protection
• CApron, gloves, eye protection, mask✓
• DEye protection, apron, gloves, mask

Answer: Correct doffing sequence: 1) Apron, 2) Gloves, 3) Eye protection, 4) Mask. This sequence minimises contamination exposure.

What are the four vital signs that should be monitored?

• ATemperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure✓
• BTemperature, glucose, respiration, weight
• CPulse, oxygen saturation, weight, temperature
• DBlood pressure, temperature, weight, urine output

Answer: The four vital signs (TPR + BP) are Temperature, Pulse, Respiration, and Blood Pressure. These indicate basic physiological stability.

What is a normal adult resting heart rate?

• A40-60 bpm
• B60-100 bpm✓
• C100-120 bpm
• D120-140 bpm

Answer: Normal adult resting heart rate is 60-100 beats per minute. Values outside this may indicate cardiac issues or fitness levels.

What is normal blood pressure for an adult?

• A100/60 mmHg
• B120/80 mmHg✓
• C140/90 mmHg
• D160/100 mmHg

Answer: Normal adult BP is approximately 120/80 mmHg (systolic/diastolic). Values above 140/90 suggest hypertension.

What is a normal respiratory rate for an adult at rest?

• A5-10 breaths per minute
• B12-20 breaths per minute✓
• C25-35 breaths per minute
• D40-50 breaths per minute

Answer: Normal adult respiratory rate is 12-20 breaths per minute. Rates above 20 (tachypnea) may indicate respiratory or systemic issues.

What is the normal body temperature for an adult?

• A35.5-36.5°C
• B36.5-37.5°C✓
• C38.5-39.5°C
• D40.5-41.5°C

Answer: Normal adult temperature is 36.5-37.5°C. Fever is generally defined as >38°C and hypothermia as <36°C.

What is the main purpose of hand hygiene in healthcare?

• ACosmetic appearance
• BPersonal comfort
• CBreak the chain of infection by removing microorganisms✓
• DEmployee dress code

Answer: Hand hygiene prevents the transmission of harmful microorganisms to patients, other staff, and the environment. It's the single most important infection control measure.

What is the recommended duration for hand washing?

• A5 seconds
• B10 seconds
• C20 seconds✓
• D40 seconds

Answer: WHO recommends at least 20 seconds of hand washing with soap and water to ensure effective removal of microorganisms.

When should hand sanitiser be used instead of hand washing?

• AAlways - it's more efficient
• BWhen hands are visibly clean - it's effective for most situations✓
• COnly when soap isn't available
• DNever - always use soap and water

Answer: Alcohol-based hand sanitiser is effective when hands aren't visibly soiled, but soap and water is better for contaminated hands or C. difficile spores.

What does 'moving and handling' training teach healthcare workers?

• AHow to lift heavy objects without injury
• BSafe techniques to move and position patients to prevent injury to both staff and patients✓
• CManual labour skills
• DHow to use heavy machinery

Answer: Manual handling training teaches safe patient moving techniques using proper body mechanics and equipment like hoists to prevent musculoskeletal injury.